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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00050_Field_50.txt
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1996-12-31
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Despite great variation in
the images on the eye that
represent a given object in the
world, the object looks much
the same to us. It appears to be
about the same size despite the
changes in the size of its
images (size constancy), to have
much the same shape despite
changes in the shape of its
images (shape constancy), and
to have much the same
orientation (tilted, upright,
upside down) despite changes
in how its images are oriented
on the retina (orientation
constancy). It also appears to be
located in much the same
direction in relation to
ourselves and other objects
despite where on the retina its
image is located (constancy of
direction or position
constancy), and much the same
lightness, or shade of gray,
despite changes in the
intensity of light reaching the
eye from its surfaces (lightness
constancy).
How does the brain
construct from these varying
images a visual world that is
characterized by constancy?
Currently, there are two,
apparently conflicting,
answers to this question
entertained by students of
perception, the stimulus-
relation theory and the taking-
into-account theory. The
former derives from the
psychophysical tradition and
the latter primarily from the
work of Helmholtz and other
Inference theorists. Let us first
consider the explanations for
constancy of size.